Sources

Data and licences in Field Archaeology

Field Archaeology, a research atlas for England, is built from the datasets on this page, most of them open data. Here is each one: who publishes it, what it covers, the licence it is under and the layers that use it.

Last updated 25 October 2026

The layers in Field Archaeology are drawn from the datasets on this page: the 32 the atlas lists under Sources and licences, and three more LiDAR sources that list does not yet name, set out after the first table. On the map, each record card names its dataset, publisher and licence, links to the original entry where the publisher has a page for it, and has a Cite button that writes the reference. Every row in an export names its dataset, publisher and licence too.

Most of it is open data. Seventeen of the 32 datasets are under the Open Government Licence and most of the others under Creative Commons licences, which let anyone reuse them, commercially or not, with credit. What each licence allows and how to credit the data follow the lists. Field Archaeology is independent. Naming a source does not mean it endorses Field Archaeology.

Terrain, geology and land

The shape of the ground, the rock beneath it, and how the land was and is used.

Dataset	Publisher	What it covers	Licence	Used in
LiDAR Composite DTM and DSM, 1 m	Environment Agency	Heights for about 99 per cent of England on a 1 m grid, made in 2022 from surveys flown between 6 June 2000 and 2 April 2022, each accurate to about 15 cm in height. The terrain model (DTM) is the bare ground; the surface model (DSM) keeps buildings and trees.	Open Government Licence v3.0	LiDAR relief; the LiDAR views; Hybrid LiDAR 3D; LiDAR heights (GeoTIFF); Elevation profile
LiDAR survey index	Environment Agency	The extent and flight date of each survey behind the Agency's composites, so every LiDAR download can list the surveys it comes from.	Open Government Licence v3.0	LiDAR heights (GeoTIFF); Elevation profile
BGS Geology 625k	British Geological Survey (UKRI)	The bedrock geology of Great Britain at a scale of 1:625,000, generalised from more detailed mapping for the fifth edition bedrock map of 2007.	Open Government Licence v3.0, with the credit ‘Contains British Geological Survey materials © UKRI [year]’	Geology
National Historic Landscape Characterisation (250 m grid)	Historic England and Natural England	The historic character of England's landscape on a 250 m grid, generalised from the sub-regional Historic Landscape Characterisation projects. Published on 15 May 2019.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Land history
Crop Map of England 2024	Rural Payments Agency	What England's land grew in 2024, as about 32 million hexagonal cells, each classed as one of more than 15 main crops, grassland or another cover such as woodland or water. Published on 14 June 2025.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Crop map 2024

Three more LiDAR sources lie behind the views and the 3D, though the atlas's list of sources does not yet name them. Hybrid LiDAR 3D draws the trees, hedges and buildings standing on the ground from the Environment Agency's LIDAR Point Cloud, the classified points its surveys record. Where the map crosses the border, the LiDAR views and the 3D read the ground from the Welsh Government's LiDAR on DataMapWales and from the surveys on the Scottish Remote Sensing Portal. All three are published under the Open Government Licence; the record of each Scottish survey gives its own attribution statement.

Heritage records and protected sites

England's register of protected sites and Historic England's other national records, the one county Historic Environment Record in the atlas, research inventories of hillforts and early Anglo-Saxon burials, and Natural England's designated sites.

Dataset	Publisher	What it covers	Licence	Used in
National Heritage List for England	Historic England	England's official register of nationally protected historic buildings and sites: listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wrecks and World Heritage Sites. On 24 October 2026 it held about 380,000 entries for listed buildings and 20,000 for scheduled monuments.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Protected & restricted; Heritage sites; Historic records (listed buildings and the outlines of designated sites); Battlefields
Aerial Investigation and Mapping	Historic England	Archaeology identified and mapped from aerial photographs and LiDAR by Historic England and the projects it funds, from the 1990s on. Large parts of England have not yet been covered.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Historic records (features mapped from the air)
Heritage at Risk Register	Historic England	The sites most at risk of being lost through neglect, decay or inappropriate development. The 2025 register, published on 6 November 2025, has 4,891 entries.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Heritage sites
Cornwall and Scilly Historic Environment Record	Cornwall Council	The council's record of the historic sites, monuments, buildings, artefacts and landscapes of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, the one county HER in the atlas. The copy made on 22 October 2026 holds 48,648 records.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Historic records (Cornwall)
Historic Environment Record (HER) boundaries	Historic England (contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2026)	The area each of England's Historic Environment Records looks after, so the atlas can tell you which one to ask about a place.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Find the HER; Area report (the HER section)
HER directory: hosts, online searches, contacts and charges	Each Historic Environment Record, and Historic England's HER profiles	For each of England's 83 HERs: who hosts it, its online search where it has one (38 do), how to ask it for a search and the charges it publishes (70 do). Compiled for the atlas from each HER's own pages on 23 and 24 October 2026.	Facts as each HER publishes them, with the source of every entry	Find the HER; Area report (the HER section)
Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland	Gary Lock and Ian Ralston, via the Archaeology Data Service	The 4,147 hillforts of Britain and Ireland recorded by the Atlas of Hillforts project, in the copy the Archaeology Data Service published in 2024.	CC BY 4.0	Barrows & earthworks (hillforts)
Census Data from Beyond the Tribal Hidage	Sue Harrington and Stuart Brookes, via the Archaeology Data Service	A census of early Anglo-Saxon burial sites, people and objects south of the Thames and east of the River Parrett, AD 450 to 650, gathered between 2006 and 2019.	CC BY 4.0	Vikings, Saxons & Celts (early Anglo-Saxon burials)
Designated sites, access land and common land	Natural England	Sites of Special Scientific Interest, National Nature Reserves, Special Protection Areas, Special Areas of Conservation and Ramsar sites. The atlas shows the designated sites, not the access land or common land.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Protected & restricted

Historic maps

Old Ordnance Survey maps, the words written on them, and Devon's tithe maps. Each map series and its dates are set out in Historic maps.

Dataset	Publisher	What it covers	Licence	Used in
Historic Ordnance Survey maps	National Library of Scotland (maps.nls.uk), served by MapTiler	Seven Ordnance Survey map layers from 1885 to 1961, from the six-inch County Series to the 1:25,000 first series, scanned, georeferenced and joined by the Library, and a Bartholomew map of Ireland of 1940.	CC BY 3.0, credited to the National Library of Scotland with a link to its website	Historic maps
GB1900 gazetteer	Great Britain Historical GIS Project at the University of Portsmouth, the GB1900 partners and volunteers	The names and other words on the Ordnance Survey's second edition six-inch maps of Great Britain, published between 1888 and 1914, transcribed by more than a thousand volunteers. The atlas shows the antiquities among them.	CC BY-SA 4.0	Historic records (old map names)
Devon tithe survey	Will Adnams, for Devon County Council and the Devon Heritage Centre, which hold its copyright, via the Archaeology Data Service	Devon's tithe maps turned into field outlines, each with the details of its apportionment: the field's name, owner, occupier, use and acreage.	CC BY 4.0	Tithe fields 1840s

Finds

Objects found by members of the public and recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme.

Dataset	Publisher	What it covers	Licence	Used in
Portable Antiquities Scheme	British Museum and its partners	Archaeological objects found by members of the public in England and Wales and recorded by the Scheme, each placed to the 1 km square. About 56,000 of the findspots come from the Scheme's medieval coins dataset on Zenodo (Portable Antiquities Scheme and Oksanen 2025). Hoards are left out.	CC BY 4.0 for the medieval coins dataset. The Scheme's own records are under its terms of service, which make them available under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.	Recorded finds; Heritage heat (finds by period)

Places, roads and boundaries

Domesday Book's places and hundreds, the roads and sites of the Roman world, today's parishes, and the open knowledge bases the atlas takes names and positions from.

Dataset	Publisher	What it covers	Licence	Used in
Domesday Shires and Hundreds of England	Stuart Brookes, via the Archaeology Data Service	The shires and hundreds of England, and parts of Wales, as they are believed to have been in 1086, reconstructed from Domesday Book.	CC BY 4.0	Domesday places 1086 (the hundreds)
Wikidata	Wikidata contributors	A free and open knowledge base edited by volunteers. The atlas takes from it the Domesday places and their positions, and barrows, earthworks and battle sites.	CC0	Domesday places 1086; Barrows & earthworks; Battlefields
Wikipedia	Wikipedia contributors	The short histories on record cards, such as what Domesday Book records of a place.	CC BY-SA 4.0	Domesday places 1086; Vikings, Saxons & Celts; Roman Empire; Barrows & earthworks; Heritage sites
Parish and built-up area boundaries	Office for National Statistics (contains OS data, Crown copyright and database right)	Today's parish and built-up area boundaries. The atlas draws each Domesday place's modern parish as its land.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Domesday places 1086 (the parish drawn as its land)
Itiner-e, the digital atlas of Roman roads	Itiner-e project	About 299,000 km of roads across the Roman Empire, traced from scholarship, old maps and aerial and satellite images. Each stretch is marked as certain, conjectured or hypothesised; under 3 per cent of the length is certain.	CC BY 4.0	Roman Empire (roads)
Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places	Pleiades project	A community-built gazetteer of ancient places, a joint project of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University and the Ancient World Mapping Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.	CC BY 3.0	Roman Empire (sites)
OS OpenData	Ordnance Survey	Ordnance Survey's free datasets for Great Britain. The atlas uses its boundaries and names, and OS Open Rivers for rivers and streams.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Boundaries and names; Rivers, streams and springs

Base maps and imagery

The maps and pictures under everything else. OpenStreetMap is open data. MapTiler's maps and the satellite and aerial imagery are not: they are shown under their providers' own terms.

Dataset	Publisher	What it covers	Licence	Used in
MapTiler maps	MapTiler, with OpenStreetMap contributors	The base map, the shading of the terrain, and the hosting of the historic maps.	MapTiler terms: © MapTiler © OpenStreetMap contributors. Not an open licence: a print that shows these maps is for internal use.	The base map; Historic maps (the hosting); the terrain shading
OpenStreetMap	OpenStreetMap contributors	The open map of the world made by its contributors. The atlas takes from it churches, castles, mills and other historic features, archaeological sites, field outlines, place names and the surviving stretches of Roman roads.	Open Database Licence (ODbL)	Historic features; Historic records; Fields; Place-name origins (the names, not their classes); Roman Empire (surviving roads); Crop map 2024 (the field outlines); the base map
Satellite and aerial imagery	Esri, Vantor, Earthstar Geographics and the GIS User Community (powered by Esri); dated imagery from Esri World Imagery Wayback; Copernicus Sentinel-2 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data)	Today's view from above, dated aerial imagery to compare it with, and Sentinel-2 images of crop stress in the drought summers of 2018 and 2022.	Each provider's own terms, not an open licence	Satellite; Swipe & compare; Crop map 2024 (the season)

Where the map crosses the border

Field Archaeology covers England. Where the map crosses the border, its national layers carry on with Scottish and Welsh records, so the coast and the borders are not cut off.

Dataset	Publisher	What it covers	Licence	Used in
Designations and the Inventory of Historic Battlefields (Scotland)	Historic Environment Scotland	Scotland's designated historic sites, such as scheduled monuments and listed buildings, and its Inventory of Historic Battlefields.	Open Government Licence v3.0	The national layers, where they cross into Scotland
Scheduled monuments and listed buildings (Wales)	Cadw	Wales's scheduled monuments and listed buildings, from Cadw, the Welsh Government's historic environment service.	Open Government Licence v3.0	The national layers, where they cross into Wales
Canmore	Historic Environment Scotland	Scotland's National Record of the Historic Environment, once searched on the Canmore website and now online at trove.scot.	Open Government Licence v3.0	Historic records, where the map reaches Scotland
National Monuments Record of Wales	Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales	The national record of archaeological sites, historic buildings and industrial and maritime heritage in Wales, online as Coflein.	Open Government Licence v3.0, from DataMapWales	Historic records, where the map reaches Wales

Which layers are Field Archaeology's own work?

A few layers are analysis rather than records, made from the datasets above: the LiDAR views, the channels and springs traced from the LiDAR, heritage heat and the place-name classes. How to cite gives the credit the atlas asks for.

For a LiDAR view, credit the heights to the Environment Agency with its attribution statement and the Open Government Licence v3.0, name the view, and give the date you used it; How to cite has the exact form. How each view is drawn, with its settings, is set out in LiDAR visualisations.

Maiden Castle hillfort in grey relief, lit from one side: rings of ramparts round a long hilltop, with fields, a farm and roads around it. — Maiden Castle, Dorset, in the Environment Agency's own hillshade, which the atlas shows as LiDAR relief. Environment Agency one metre LiDAR, Open Government Licence v3.0.

The same ground in local relief: the ramparts as bands of black and white, the fields around them in an even grey. — The same ground in the atlas's Local relief view, drawn from the Agency's terrain model. Environment Agency one metre LiDAR, Open Government Licence v3.0.

What is not in the atlas, and why?

Some of what an archaeologist would want is not open, or is held in a form the atlas does not use.

The county Historic Environment Records. They hold the fullest record of sites, finds, events and reports, but most are not published openly. Cornwall and Scilly's is, and it is the only one in the atlas. Find the HER, in the atlas, names the HER for any place in England and says how to ask it for a search.
Historic England's National Record of the Historic Environment. Most of it is not published openly.
Precise findspots. The Portable Antiquities Scheme publishes findspots to the 1 km square, and the atlas holds nothing more precise. Hoards are left out altogether.
Soils. Soilscapes, Cranfield University's 1:250,000 soil map of England and Wales, is licensed by the university, and Field Archaeology holds no licence for it.
Licensed Ordnance Survey data. The atlas uses OS OpenData, not OS MasterMap or other products sold under licence.
LiDAR point cloud files. Hybrid LiDAR 3D draws the Environment Agency's classified point cloud, but the atlas does not offer the LAZ files for download; they come from the Agency.

Nor are reports and photographs held in archives: the grey literature in OASIS and the Archaeology Data Service library, and the Historic England Archive's aerial photographs. An area report from the atlas lists what it leaves out in the same way and, for a desk-based assessment, says to ask the HER for a search of the area.

What do the licences allow?

Open data is data that anyone may use, change and share. The Open Definition puts it in one line: ‘Open data and content can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any purpose.’ The open licences below all allow reuse, and what differs is what each asks in return; the last row, providers' own terms, is not an open licence.

Licence	Used here by	What it allows	What it asks
Open Government Licence	17 datasets, from the Environment Agency's LiDAR to Historic England's records	Copying, publishing and adapting the data, commercially or not.	Acknowledge the source with the publisher's attribution statement, and link to the licence where you can. It gives no right to suggest official status, or that the publisher endorses you.
CC BY 4.0 and CC BY 3.0	The hillforts, Beyond the Tribal Hidage, Domesday hundreds, Devon tithe, Itiner-e and Pleiades data, the historic maps, and the Portable Antiquities Scheme's medieval coins dataset	Sharing and adapting the material for any purpose, even commercially.	Give credit, link to the licence and say if you changed anything, without suggesting the licensor endorses you.
CC BY-SA 4.0	Wikipedia and the GB1900 gazetteer	The same as CC BY.	The same as CC BY, and anything you build on the material must be shared under the same licence.
Open Database Licence	OpenStreetMap	Copying, sharing and adapting the data.	Credit OpenStreetMap and its contributors, say the data is under the Open Database Licence, and share altered data only under the same licence.
CC0	Wikidata	Copying, changing and sharing the data, even commercially, without asking.	Nothing: its makers have waived their rights.
Providers' own terms	MapTiler's maps, and the satellite and aerial imagery	Showing them in the atlas.	Each provider's terms apply. A print that shows a MapTiler map is for internal use.

How should the data be credited?

Credit each publisher in the form its licence asks for. The atlas does much of this for you: the Cite button on a record writes a Harvard reference that includes the licence, Sources and licences copies a citation for any dataset, and every export, area report and print lists its sources and licences. Where a publisher sets its own wording, use it.

Source	Credit line	Where it is set out
Environment Agency LiDAR	© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2022. All rights reserved.	The Agency's record of the terrain model
Historic England data	© Historic England [year]. For spatial data, add: Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [year].	Historic England's Open Data Hub terms
British Geological Survey	Contains British Geological Survey materials © UKRI [year]	BGS's Open Government Licence page
National Library of Scotland maps	An attribution to the National Library of Scotland, with a link to its website, wherever one of its maps is used.	The Library's Historic Maps API page
GB1900 gazetteer	The Great Britain Historical GIS Project at the University of Portsmouth, the GB1900 partners and volunteers. A work built on it must have a name other than ‘The GB1900 Gazetteer’, and must not suggest the project endorses it.	The licence that comes with the gazetteer, from Vision of Britain
OpenStreetMap	Credit OpenStreetMap and its contributors, and make clear the data is under the Open Database Licence.	OpenStreetMap's copyright page
National Monuments Record of Wales	This site data is from the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW), produced by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW). © Crown Database Right: RCAHMW, licensed under the Open Government Licence 3.0.	The layer's page on DataMapWales

References in full, with examples, are on How to cite.

Questions and answers

Where does Field Archaeology's data come from?

From the datasets on this page: the 32 the atlas lists under Sources and licences, and three LiDAR sources that list does not yet name. They include the Environment Agency's 1 m LiDAR, Historic England's National Heritage List for England and its mapping from the air, old Ordnance Survey maps scanned by the National Library of Scotland, Portable Antiquities Scheme findspots, and research datasets published through the Archaeology Data Service.

Is the data in Field Archaeology open data?

Most of it is. Seventeen of the 32 datasets are under the Open Government Licence, and most of the others under Creative Commons licences, CC0 or the Open Database Licence. MapTiler's maps and the satellite and aerial imagery are not open data: they are shown under their providers' own terms.

Can I reuse what I export from Field Archaeology?

Each exported row names its dataset, publisher and licence, and that licence sets the terms. Data under the Open Government Licence or a CC BY licence may be reused, commercially or not, with the credit the licence asks for. CC BY-SA asks that adaptations you share use the same licence; the Open Database Licence asks the same of any altered database you share, while a map or figure made from OpenStreetMap needs only the credit.

Does Historic England, or any other publisher, endorse Field Archaeology?

No. Field Archaeology is independent, and naming a source does not mean it endorses Field Archaeology. The Open Government Licence and the Creative Commons licences both rule out using the data in a way that suggests the publisher endorses the user.

Why is my county's Historic Environment Record not on the map?

Most county Historic Environment Records are not published as open data. Cornwall and Scilly's is, and it is the only one in the atlas. Find the HER, in the atlas, shows which HER covers a place, whether it can be searched online, how to ask it for a search and what it charges, as each HER publishes it.

How do I credit Environment Agency LiDAR?

Credit the heights to the Environment Agency with its attribution statement, ‘© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2022. All rights reserved.’, and the Open Government Licence v3.0, name the view, and give the date you used it; How to cite has the exact form.

Sources for this page

Adnams, W. (2023) Devon Tithe Mapping Polygonisation Project [data set]. York: Archaeology Data Service. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5284/1114574 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
British Geological Survey (no date) BGS Geology 625k. Available at: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/datasets/bgs-geology-625k/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
British Geological Survey (no date) Open Government Licence. Available at: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/bgs-intellectual-property-rights/open-government-licence/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Brookes, S. (2020) Domesday Shires and Hundreds of England [data set]. York: Archaeology Data Service. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5284/1058999 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Brookes, S. and Harrington, S. (2025) Census Data from Beyond the Tribal Hidage: the early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of southern Britain AD 450 to 650 [data set]. York: Archaeology Data Service. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5284/1136515 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Cornwall Council (2020) Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record. Available at: https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/dbb14283-ae3c-425a-8190-4de1b37cefd9/historic-buildings-sites-and-monuments-record (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Cranfield University (no date) Soilscapes Viewer. Land Information System. Available at: https://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes.cfm (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Creative Commons (no date) Attribution 4.0 International. Available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Creative Commons (no date) Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Creative Commons (no date) CC0 1.0 Universal. Available at: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
de Soto, P., Pažout, A., Brughmans, T. et al. (2025) ‘Itiner-e: a high-resolution dataset of roads of the Roman Empire’, Scientific Data, 12, 1731. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06140-z.
Environment Agency (2022) LIDAR Composite Digital Terrain Model (DTM), 1m. Available at: https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/01b3ee39-da3f-47b6-83da-dc98e73a461f/lidar-composite-digital-terrain-model-dtm-1m (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Environment Agency (2022) LIDAR Composite Digital Surface Model (DSM), 1m. Available at: https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/cf3f1137-c12b-44a1-a835-e80fe4a60b92/lidar-composite-digital-surface-model-dsm-1m (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Environment Agency (no date) LIDAR Point Cloud. Defra Data Services Platform. Available at: https://environment.data.gov.uk/survey (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Historic England (no date) The National Heritage List for England. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Historic England (2026) National Heritage List for England (NHLE) v02 [feature service]. Available at: https://services-eu1.arcgis.com/ZOdPfBS3aqqDYPUQ/arcgis/rest/services/National_Heritage_List_for_England_NHLE_v02_VIEW/FeatureServer (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Historic England (no date) Aerial Investigation and Mapping. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/research/methods/airborne-remote-sensing/aerial-investigation/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Historic England (2025) Heritage at Risk: latest findings. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/heritage-at-risk/findings/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Historic England (no date) Historic England Open Data Hub terms and conditions. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/terms/website-terms-conditions/open-data-hub/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Lock, G. and Ralston, I. (2024) Spreadsheets and a Document on the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland [data set]. York: Archaeology Data Service. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5284/1118744 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
National Library of Scotland (no date) Historic Maps API. Available at: https://maps.nls.uk/projects/api/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Natural England (2019) National Historic Landscape Characterisation 250m Grid (England). Available at: https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/8b8c5df3-d7e3-484c-89d8-c7b819205002/national-historic-landscape-characterisation-250m-grid-england (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Open Definition (no date) The Open Definition. Available at: https://opendefinition.org/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
OpenStreetMap Foundation (no date) Copyright and License. Available at: https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Ordnance Survey (no date) OS OpenData products. Available at: https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/open-data (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Pleiades (no date) Credits for the Pleiades gazetteer. Available at: https://pleiades.stoa.org/credits (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Portable Antiquities Scheme (2026) Terms of service. Available at: https://finds.org.uk/terms-of-service (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Portable Antiquities Scheme in England and Wales and Oksanen, E. (2025) The Afterlife of Roman Roads in England: PAS medieval coins dataset and R code [data set]. Zenodo. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15272359 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (no date) National Monuments Record of Wales: Heritage Assets (Terrestrial). DataMapWales. Available at: https://datamap.gov.wales/layers/geonode:rcahmw_nmrw_terrestrialsites_rcahmw_bng (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Rural Payments Agency (2025) Crop Map of England (CROME) 2024. Available at: https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/0f52fe52-80f6-4aa7-bee2-afb9a320f631/crop-map-of-england-crome-2024 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Scottish Government (no date) Scottish Remote Sensing Portal. Available at: https://remotesensingdata.gov.scot/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
The National Archives (no date) Open Government Licence for public sector information, version 3.0. Available at: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Vision of Britain (no date) Data Access. University of Portsmouth. Available at: https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
Welsh Government (no date) LiDAR viewer. DataMapWales. Available at: https://datamap.gov.wales/maps/lidar-viewer/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).